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- NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as is
- being done in connection with this case, at the time the opinion is issued.
- The syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been
- prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.
- See United States v. Detroit Lumber Co., 200 U. S. 321, 337.
-
- SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
-
- Syllabus
-
- WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE v.
- WILLIAM WRIGLEY, JR., CO.
- certiorari to the supreme court of wisconsin
- No. 91-119. Argued January 22, 1992-Decided June 19, 1992
-
- During 1973-1978, respondent chewing gum manufacturer, which is
- based in Chicago, sold its products in Wisconsin through a sales force
- consisting of a regional manager and various ``field'' representatives,
- all of whom engaged in various activities in addition to requesting
- orders from customers. Wisconsin orders were sent to Chicago for
- acceptance, and were filled by shipment through common carrier from
- outside the State. In 1980, petitioner Wisconsin Department of
- Revenue concluded that respondent's in-state business activities
- during the years in question had been sufficient to support imposition
- of a franchise tax. Respondent objected to the assessment of that
- tax, maintaining that it was immune under 15 U.S.C. 381(a),
- which prohibits a State from taxing the income of a corporation
- whose only business activities within the State consist of ``solicitation
- of orders'' for tangible goods, provided that the orders are sent
- outside the State for approval and the goods are delivered from out-
- of-state. Ultimately, the State Supreme Court disallowed the imposi-
- tion of the tax.
- Held:Respondent's activities in Wisconsin fell outside the protection of
- 381(a). Pp.4-20.
- (a)In addition to any speech or conduct that explicitly or implicitly
- proposes a sale, ``solicitation of orders'' as used in 381(a) covers
- those activities that are entirely ancillary to requests for purchas-
- es-those that serve no independent business function apart from
- their connection to the soliciting of orders. The statutory phrase
- should not be interpreted narrowly to cover only actual requests for
- purchases or the actions that are absolutely essential to making those
- requests, but includes the entire process associated with inviting an
- order. Thus, providing a car and a stock of free samples to salesmen
- is part of the ``solicitation of orders,'' because the only reason to do
- it is to facilitate requests for purchases. On the other hand, the
- statutory phrase should not be interpreted broadly to include all
- activities that are routinely, or even closely, associated with solicita-
- tion or customarily performed by salesmen. Those activities that the
- company would have reason to engage in anyway but chooses to
- allocate to its in-state sales force are not covered. For example,
- employing salesmen to repair or service the company's products is not
- part of the ``solicitation of orders,'' since there is good reason to get
- that done whether or not the company has a sales force. Pp.8-16.
- (b)There is a de minimis exception to the activities that forfeit
- 381 immunity. Whether a particular activity is sufficiently de
- minimis to avoid loss of 381 immunity depends upon whether that
- activity establishes a nontrivial additional connection with the taxing
- State. Pp.16-17.
- (c)Respondent's Wisconsin business activities were not limited to
- those specified in 381. Although the regional manager's recruit-
- ment, training, and evaluation of employees and intervention in
- credit disputes, as well as the company's use of hotels and homes for
- sales-related meetings, must be viewed as ancillary to requesting
- purchases, the sales representatives' practices of replacing retailers'
- stale gum without cost, of occasionally using ``agency stock checks''
- to sell gum to retailers who had agreed to install new display racks,
- and of storing gum for these purposes at home or in rented space
- cannot be so viewed, since those activities constituted independent
- business functions quite separate from the requesting of orders and
- respondent had a business purpose for engaging in them whether or
- not it employed a sales force. Moreover, the nonimmune activities,
- when considered together, are not de minimis. While their relative
- magnitude was not large compared to respondent's other Wisconsin
- operations, they constituted a nontrivial additional connection with
- the State. Pp.17-20.
- 160 Wis.2d 53, 465 N.W.2d 800, reversed and remanded.
-
- Scalia, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which White,
- Stevens, Souter, and Thomas, JJ., joined, and in Parts I and II of
- which O'Connor, J., joined. O'Connor, J., filed an opinion concurring
- in part and concurring in the judgment. Kennedy, J., filed a dissent-
- ing opinion, in which Rehnquist, C. J., and Blackmun, J., joined.
-